AI in Fatwā Issuance: A SWOT Analysis of Opportunities and Limitations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51590/waraqat.v10i2.1173Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Fatwā, Muftī, Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, SWOT Analysis, Islamic LawAbstract
The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has opened new possibilities in various aspects of Islamic religious practice, including fatwā issuance processes. While AI demonstrates significant potential in enhancing the efficiency and accessibility of Islamic legal opinions, fundamental questions remain regarding its appropriate role and limitations within traditional ijtihād frameworks. This study examines the potential and boundaries of AI as a supporting instrument in fatwā processes through a comprehensive SWOT analysis and case study evaluation. Employing qualitative literature review methodology combined with content analysis of AI implementations at Dar al-Ifta Miṣr and automated fatwā generation systems, this research identifies AI's capabilities and constraints in Islamic jurisprudential contexts.
Findings reveal that AI can enhance efficiency by up to 70% in administrative stages, particularly in evidence searching, madhhab opinion mapping, and comparative analysis of contemporary fatwās. AI's strengths include big data processing capacity, 24/7 accessibility, and cross-madhhab analytical capabilities. However, critical limitations exist in understanding psychological dimensions of mustaftīs, comprehending maqāṣid al-sharīʿah holistically, and performing creative ijtihād for novel cases. The SWOT analysis further identifies external threats, including potential replacement of muftī authority, commercialization risks, and fiqh homogenization.
This study concludes that AI should be positioned as a non-binding decision-support system within a human-in-the-loop model, where final substantive fatwā authority remains exclusively with qualified human muftīs. Nine operational recommendations are provided for fatwā institutions, AI developers, educational institutions, and government regulators to ensure responsible and proportional AI implementation aligned with Islamic epistemological and ethical values.
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Date, Prakash, Varsha Pimprale, and Sakshi Mandke. “Explorative Study on Potential of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence for Improved Healthcare Diagnosis and Treatment.” Journal of Autonomous Intelligence 7, no. 3 (December 2023). https://doi.org/10.32629/JAI.V7I3.1084.
Dutta, Brij Mohan. “The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Legal Decision Making: An Empirical Study.” Psychologyandeducation 55, no. 01 (May 2023). https://doi.org/10.48047/PNE.2018.55.1.38.
Eliot, Lance. “Turing Test and the Practice of Law: The Role of Autonomous Levels of AI Legal Reasoning,” August 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2008.07743.
Elmahjub, Ezieddin. “Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Islamic Ethics: Towards Pluralist Ethical Benchmarking for AI.” Philosophy & Technology 36, no. 4 (November 2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/S13347-023-00668-X.
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Hussain, Mohammad Azam, Mohamad Fateh Labanieh, Nazli Mahdzir, Nooraini Sulaiman, and Omar Saleh Abdullah Bawazir. “THE POTENTIAL PROSPECT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN ARBITRATION FROM THE INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL AND ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES.” Journal of International Studies 19, no. 1 (January 2023): 95–122. https://doi.org/10.32890/JIS2023.19.1.4.
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Lei, Shaohui, Lishan Xie, and Jiamin Peng. “Unethical Consumer Behavior Following Artificial Intelligence Agent Encounters: The Differential Effect of AI Agent Roles and Its Boundary Conditions.” Journal of Service Research, August 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/10946705241278837.
Li, Tian Ge, Chu Bing Zhang, Ying Chang, and Wei Zheng. “The Impact of AI Identity Disclosure on Consumer Unethical Behavior: A Social Judgment Perspective.” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 76 (October 2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRETCONSER.2023.103606.
Lishmah Dominic, M., P. S. Venkateswaran, S. Jahira Parveen, Venkata Chunduri, G. Uma Gowri, and T. Shynu. “Intelligent Systems on Learning Using Artificial Intelligence,” August 2024, 99–120. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8659-0.CH006.
Lusiana, Muhammd Harun, Ema Fathimah, and Wasti Indah Haryani Daulay. “Challenges and Threats of Artificial Intelligence in Maqasid Sharia Perspective.” KnE Social Sciences, January 2024. https://doi.org/10.18502/KSS.V9I2.15004.
Madhavi, Janvi S., and Ojaskumar D. Agrawal. “Potential Use of Artificial Intelligence in a Healthcare System.” The Chinese Journal of Artificial Intelligence 1, no. 2 (September 2022). https://doi.org/10.2174/2666782701666220805105655.
Matsum, Hasan. “Fatwas of the Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI) on National Strategic Issues 2006-2018 in the Perspective of Maqashid Al-Syariah.” Al-Ulum 23, no. 1 (June 2023): 153–74. https://doi.org/10.30603/AU.V23I1.3646.
Mubarok, Jaih. “Dinamika Fatwa Produk Keuangan Syariah.” Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan 13 (June 2013). https://doi.org/10.18326/IJTIHAD.V13I1.80.
Muhasim, Muhasim. “Pengaruh Tehnologi Digital Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Peserta Didik.” PALAPA 5, no. 2 (November 2017): 53–77. https://doi.org/10.36088/PALAPA.V5I2.46.
Mundzir, Ilham, and Yulianti Muthmainnah. “The Progressiveness of Quranic Interpretation in the Fatwa of Muhammadiyah on Female Circumcision.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 12, no. 2 (December 2022): 285–311. https://doi.org/10.18326/IJIMS.V12I2.285-311.
Munshi, Amr Abdullah, Wesam Hasan AlSabban, Abdullah Tarek Farag, Omar Essam Rakha, Ahmad Al Sallab, and Majid Alotaibi. “Automated Islamic Jurisprudential Legal Opinions Generation Using Artificial Intelligence.” Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 2 (March 2022): 1135–56. https://doi.org/10.47836/PJST.30.2.16.
Mursyidi, Ach. Fatayillah. “MUI and Its Fatwa: The Articulation of Modern Authority in a Religious Democracy of Indonesia.” ENTITA: Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Dan Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial 2, no. 1 (June 2020): 17. https://doi.org/10.19105/EJPIS.V1I2.3267.
Mutaqin, Enjen Zaenal, Muhamad Slamet Yahya, and Khafifatul Fian. “Artificial Intelligence Efforts in Addressing the Humanitarian Crisis: A Study on Rohingya Refugees.” Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 18, no. 2 (March 2024): 95–122. https://doi.org/10.15642/ISLAMICA.2024.18.2.95-122.
Nasution, Muhammad Guntur Hamonangan, and Nia Faridatul Khasanah. “Considering State Administrative Decrees (SAD) by Artificial Intelligence from the Transparency Principle in Indonesia (Case Study: The Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic Indonesia).” Journal of Policy and Society 2, no. 1 (October 2024): 1655. https://doi.org/10.59400/JPS.V2I1.1655.
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P., Ashwini, and Prabir Chandra Padhy. “Cognitive Bias and Fairness Challenges in AI Consciousness,” April 2024, 89–109. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-2015-0.CH005.
Pal, Tripti, Mohammad Irfan, Syed Ahmad Chan Bukhari, and Salina Bt. Kassim. “Harnessing the Power of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in the Islamic Capital Market,” December 2023, 93–102. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1038-0.CH006.
Pathni, Rajiv Kumar. “Artificial Intelligence and the Myth of Objectivity.” Journal of Healthcare Management Standards 3, no. 1 (August 2023): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4018/JHMS.329234.
Rabbani, Mustafa Raza, Adel Sarea, Shahnawaz Khan, and Yomna Abdullah. “Ethical Concerns in Artificial Intelligence (AI): The Role of RegTech and Islamic Finance.” Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 423 LNNS (January 2022): 381–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93464-4_38.
Rahmi, Nispan, Akhmad Fauzi Aseri, Abdul Hafiz Anshary, Hanief Monady, and Badrian Badrian. “Methodological Procedure for Determining the Fatwa of the National Sharia Council (DSN) Indonesian Ulama Majelis (MUI) Concerning Islamic Economics and Finance.” Al Qalam: Jurnal Ilmiah Keagamaan Dan Kemasyarakatan 18, no. 4 (June 2024): 2920. https://doi.org/10.35931/AQ.V18I4.3544.
saputra, Edy; Armi, Fadhlu Rahman; Faisal, Muhamamd; Hijrah; Al Fairusy, Muhajir; Ramli; Sukri; dkk. Tranformasi Sosial Budaya Dalam Pandangan Tafsir Al-Qur’an, Sosiologi, Dan Komunikasi Di Era 4.0. Banda Aceh: Lhee Sagoe Press, 2024.
Sarea, Adel, Mustafa Raza Rabbani, Md. Shabbir Alam, and Mohammad Atif. “Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications in Islamic Finance and Banking Sector.” Artificial Intelligence and Islamic Finance, December 2021, 108–21. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003171638-8.
Siregar, Puad Muzakkar. “Relevance of The Fatwa of The Indonesian Ulema Council to The Renewal of Islamic Family Law in Indonesia (Study of MUI Fatwa Number: 4/Munas VII/MUI/8/2005 on Marriage of Different Religions).” JURNAL ILMIAH MIZANI: Wacana Hukum, Ekonomi, Dan Keagamaan 8, no. 1 (October 2021): 85. https://doi.org/10.29300/MZN.V8I1.4865.
Soleimani, Melika, Ali Intezari, Nazim Taskin, and David Pauleen. “Cognitive Biases in Developing Biased Artificial Intelligence Recruitment System.” Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2020-January (January 2021): 5091–99. https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2021.620.
Susanto, Cindy Olivia, Siti Hamidah, and Rachmi Sulistyarini. “Kedudukan Hukum Dan Hak Waris Anak Hasil Inseminasi Buatan Dari Ayah Yang Telah Meninggal.” Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum 11, no. 3 (December 2020). https://doi.org/10.26905/IDJCH.V11I3.5475.
Syafei, Zakaria. “TRACING MAQASID AL-SHARI‘AH IN THE FATWAS OF INDONESIAN COUNCIL OF ULAMA (MUI).” JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN ISLAM 11, no. 1 (July 2017): 99–124. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2017.11.1.99-124.
Syatar, Abdul, Achmad Abubakar, Muhammad Majdy Amiruddin, Chaerul Mundzir, and Muammar Bakry. “Integrating Wasthiyah Paradigm to the Issuance of COVID-19 Fatwa; Indonesia Case.” Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi Dan Kajian Hukum 20, no. 1 (January 2022). https://doi.org/10.31941/PJ.V20I1.1717.
Tahir, Masnun. “MENIMBANG ETIKA BERFATWA DALAM PEMIKIRAN HUKUM ISLAM” 7 (January 2013). https://doi.org/10.22219/ULUMUDDIN.V7I1.1312.
Vatankhah, Sanaz, Vahideh Bamshad, Hasan Evrim Arici, and Yanqing Duan. “Ethical Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in the Service Industries.” The Service Industries Journal 44, no. 9–10 (May 2024): 661–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2024.2359077.
Yusuf, Muhammad. “Modernitas Dan Keindonesiaan Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia.” JURNAL INDO-ISLAMIKA 6, no. 1 (February 2020): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.15408/IDI.V6I1.14792.
al-Jawziyyah, Ibn Qayyim. I’lam Al-Muwaqqi’in Rabb ‘an Rabb Al’Alamin. Damaskus : Dar al-Qalam, 1994.
Alobied, Alaa Adel. “Rulings Pertaining to the Utilisation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications in Scholarly Research.” مجلة الشريعة والدراسات الإسلامية 39, no. 136 (March 2024): 9–60. https://doi.org/10.34120/JSIS.V39I136.515.
Andriansyah, Yuli. “The Current Rise of Artificial Intelligence and Religious Studies: Some Reflections Based on ChatGPT.” Millah: Journal of Religious Studies 22, no. 1 (February 2023): ix–xviii. https://doi.org/10.20885/MILLAH.VOL22.ISS1.EDITORIAL.
Anshori, Anshori. “PANDANGAN TIGA TOKOH PEMBANGUN SAINS ISLAM DUNIA DAN BANGUNAN SAINS ISLAM MODEL INDONESIA: PENGALAMAN TIGA UIN” 15 (March 2016). https://doi.org/10.21580/WA.V15I1.527.
Bhari, Azri, and Luqman Abdullah. “Senario Fatwa-Fatwa Zakat Di Malaysia: Perspektif Maqasid Syariah.” Jurnal Fiqh 13, no. 1 (December 2016): 57–88. https://doi.org/10.22452/FIQH.VOL13NO1.3.
Date, Prakash, Varsha Pimprale, and Sakshi Mandke. “Explorative Study on Potential of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence for Improved Healthcare Diagnosis and Treatment.” Journal of Autonomous Intelligence 7, no. 3 (December 2023). https://doi.org/10.32629/JAI.V7I3.1084.
Dutta, Brij Mohan. “The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Legal Decision Making: An Empirical Study.” Psychologyandeducation 55, no. 01 (May 2023). https://doi.org/10.48047/PNE.2018.55.1.38.
Eliot, Lance. “Turing Test and the Practice of Law: The Role of Autonomous Levels of AI Legal Reasoning,” August 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2008.07743.
Elmahjub, Ezieddin. “Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Islamic Ethics: Towards Pluralist Ethical Benchmarking for AI.” Philosophy & Technology 36, no. 4 (November 2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/S13347-023-00668-X.
Elmi, Ibnu. “KEDUDUKAN FATWA DALAM KONSTRUKSI HUKUM ISLAM.” El-Mashlahah 9, no. 2 (January 2020): 167–81. https://doi.org/10.23971/MASLAHAH.V9I2.1692.
Hasyim, Syafiq. “Fatwas and Democracy: Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI, Indonesian Ulema Council) and Rising Conservatism in Indonesian Islam.” TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 8, no. 1 (November 2019): 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1017/TRN.2019.13.
Hussain, Mohammad Azam, Mohamad Fateh Labanieh, Nazli Mahdzir, Nooraini Sulaiman, and Omar Saleh Abdullah Bawazir. “THE POTENTIAL PROSPECT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN ARBITRATION FROM THE INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL AND ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES.” Journal of International Studies 19, no. 1 (January 2023): 95–122. https://doi.org/10.32890/JIS2023.19.1.4.
Khairani, Dewi, Amany Lubis, Zulkifli, Husni Teja Sukmana, Khalid Faruqi, and Yusuf Durachman. “Keywords Searching XML Data for Fatwa in Indonesia.” 2019 7th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management, CITSM 2019, November 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/CITSM47753.2019.8965394.
Kowsick, N. P., and K. Ramasamy. “Implementing AI-Based Recommendation Systems for Personalized Financial Services in Libraries,” May 2024, 235–43. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-5593-0.CH017.
Labib, Mughni. “BPJS Kesehatan Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam (Studi Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia Dan Fatwa Nahdlatul Ulama).” JURNAL HUKUM ISLAM, December 2018, 141–54. https://doi.org/10.28918/JHI.V16I2.1738.
Lei, Shaohui, Lishan Xie, and Jiamin Peng. “Unethical Consumer Behavior Following Artificial Intelligence Agent Encounters: The Differential Effect of AI Agent Roles and Its Boundary Conditions.” Journal of Service Research, August 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/10946705241278837.
Li, Tian Ge, Chu Bing Zhang, Ying Chang, and Wei Zheng. “The Impact of AI Identity Disclosure on Consumer Unethical Behavior: A Social Judgment Perspective.” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 76 (October 2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRETCONSER.2023.103606.
Lishmah Dominic, M., P. S. Venkateswaran, S. Jahira Parveen, Venkata Chunduri, G. Uma Gowri, and T. Shynu. “Intelligent Systems on Learning Using Artificial Intelligence,” August 2024, 99–120. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8659-0.CH006.
Lusiana, Muhammd Harun, Ema Fathimah, and Wasti Indah Haryani Daulay. “Challenges and Threats of Artificial Intelligence in Maqasid Sharia Perspective.” KnE Social Sciences, January 2024. https://doi.org/10.18502/KSS.V9I2.15004.
Madhavi, Janvi S., and Ojaskumar D. Agrawal. “Potential Use of Artificial Intelligence in a Healthcare System.” The Chinese Journal of Artificial Intelligence 1, no. 2 (September 2022). https://doi.org/10.2174/2666782701666220805105655.
Matsum, Hasan. “Fatwas of the Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI) on National Strategic Issues 2006-2018 in the Perspective of Maqashid Al-Syariah.” Al-Ulum 23, no. 1 (June 2023): 153–74. https://doi.org/10.30603/AU.V23I1.3646.
Mubarok, Jaih. “Dinamika Fatwa Produk Keuangan Syariah.” Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan 13 (June 2013). https://doi.org/10.18326/IJTIHAD.V13I1.80.
Muhasim, Muhasim. “Pengaruh Tehnologi Digital Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Peserta Didik.” PALAPA 5, no. 2 (November 2017): 53–77. https://doi.org/10.36088/PALAPA.V5I2.46.
Mundzir, Ilham, and Yulianti Muthmainnah. “The Progressiveness of Quranic Interpretation in the Fatwa of Muhammadiyah on Female Circumcision.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 12, no. 2 (December 2022): 285–311. https://doi.org/10.18326/IJIMS.V12I2.285-311.
Munshi, Amr Abdullah, Wesam Hasan AlSabban, Abdullah Tarek Farag, Omar Essam Rakha, Ahmad Al Sallab, and Majid Alotaibi. “Automated Islamic Jurisprudential Legal Opinions Generation Using Artificial Intelligence.” Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 2 (March 2022): 1135–56. https://doi.org/10.47836/PJST.30.2.16.
Mursyidi, Ach. Fatayillah. “MUI and Its Fatwa: The Articulation of Modern Authority in a Religious Democracy of Indonesia.” ENTITA: Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Dan Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial 2, no. 1 (June 2020): 17. https://doi.org/10.19105/EJPIS.V1I2.3267.
Mutaqin, Enjen Zaenal, Muhamad Slamet Yahya, and Khafifatul Fian. “Artificial Intelligence Efforts in Addressing the Humanitarian Crisis: A Study on Rohingya Refugees.” Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 18, no. 2 (March 2024): 95–122. https://doi.org/10.15642/ISLAMICA.2024.18.2.95-122.
Nasution, Muhammad Guntur Hamonangan, and Nia Faridatul Khasanah. “Considering State Administrative Decrees (SAD) by Artificial Intelligence from the Transparency Principle in Indonesia (Case Study: The Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic Indonesia).” Journal of Policy and Society 2, no. 1 (October 2024): 1655. https://doi.org/10.59400/JPS.V2I1.1655.
Nurasiah, Nurasiah. “NUANSA REALITAS SOSIAL DALAM PERUMUSAN KUALIFIKASI MUJTAHID DAN MUFTI” 33 (December 2009). https://doi.org/10.30821/MIQOT.V33I2.188.
P., Ashwini, and Prabir Chandra Padhy. “Cognitive Bias and Fairness Challenges in AI Consciousness,” April 2024, 89–109. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-2015-0.CH005.
Pal, Tripti, Mohammad Irfan, Syed Ahmad Chan Bukhari, and Salina Bt. Kassim. “Harnessing the Power of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in the Islamic Capital Market,” December 2023, 93–102. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1038-0.CH006.
Pathni, Rajiv Kumar. “Artificial Intelligence and the Myth of Objectivity.” Journal of Healthcare Management Standards 3, no. 1 (August 2023): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4018/JHMS.329234.
Rabbani, Mustafa Raza, Adel Sarea, Shahnawaz Khan, and Yomna Abdullah. “Ethical Concerns in Artificial Intelligence (AI): The Role of RegTech and Islamic Finance.” Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 423 LNNS (January 2022): 381–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93464-4_38.
Rahmi, Nispan, Akhmad Fauzi Aseri, Abdul Hafiz Anshary, Hanief Monady, and Badrian Badrian. “Methodological Procedure for Determining the Fatwa of the National Sharia Council (DSN) Indonesian Ulama Majelis (MUI) Concerning Islamic Economics and Finance.” Al Qalam: Jurnal Ilmiah Keagamaan Dan Kemasyarakatan 18, no. 4 (June 2024): 2920. https://doi.org/10.35931/AQ.V18I4.3544.
saputra, Edy; Armi, Fadhlu Rahman; Faisal, Muhamamd; Hijrah; Al Fairusy, Muhajir; Ramli; Sukri; dkk. Tranformasi Sosial Budaya Dalam Pandangan Tafsir Al-Qur’an, Sosiologi, Dan Komunikasi Di Era 4.0. Banda Aceh: Lhee Sagoe Press, 2024.
Sarea, Adel, Mustafa Raza Rabbani, Md. Shabbir Alam, and Mohammad Atif. “Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications in Islamic Finance and Banking Sector.” Artificial Intelligence and Islamic Finance, December 2021, 108–21. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003171638-8.
Siregar, Puad Muzakkar. “Relevance of The Fatwa of The Indonesian Ulema Council to The Renewal of Islamic Family Law in Indonesia (Study of MUI Fatwa Number: 4/Munas VII/MUI/8/2005 on Marriage of Different Religions).” JURNAL ILMIAH MIZANI: Wacana Hukum, Ekonomi, Dan Keagamaan 8, no. 1 (October 2021): 85. https://doi.org/10.29300/MZN.V8I1.4865.
Soleimani, Melika, Ali Intezari, Nazim Taskin, and David Pauleen. “Cognitive Biases in Developing Biased Artificial Intelligence Recruitment System.” Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2020-January (January 2021): 5091–99. https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2021.620.
Susanto, Cindy Olivia, Siti Hamidah, and Rachmi Sulistyarini. “Kedudukan Hukum Dan Hak Waris Anak Hasil Inseminasi Buatan Dari Ayah Yang Telah Meninggal.” Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum 11, no. 3 (December 2020). https://doi.org/10.26905/IDJCH.V11I3.5475.
Syafei, Zakaria. “TRACING MAQASID AL-SHARI‘AH IN THE FATWAS OF INDONESIAN COUNCIL OF ULAMA (MUI).” JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN ISLAM 11, no. 1 (July 2017): 99–124. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2017.11.1.99-124.
Syatar, Abdul, Achmad Abubakar, Muhammad Majdy Amiruddin, Chaerul Mundzir, and Muammar Bakry. “Integrating Wasthiyah Paradigm to the Issuance of COVID-19 Fatwa; Indonesia Case.” Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi Dan Kajian Hukum 20, no. 1 (January 2022). https://doi.org/10.31941/PJ.V20I1.1717.
Tahir, Masnun. “MENIMBANG ETIKA BERFATWA DALAM PEMIKIRAN HUKUM ISLAM” 7 (January 2013). https://doi.org/10.22219/ULUMUDDIN.V7I1.1312.
Vatankhah, Sanaz, Vahideh Bamshad, Hasan Evrim Arici, and Yanqing Duan. “Ethical Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in the Service Industries.” The Service Industries Journal 44, no. 9–10 (May 2024): 661–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2024.2359077.
Yusuf, Muhammad. “Modernitas Dan Keindonesiaan Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia.” JURNAL INDO-ISLAMIKA 6, no. 1 (February 2020): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.15408/IDI.V6I1.14792.
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2025-12-31
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AI in Fatwā Issuance: A SWOT Analysis of Opportunities and Limitations. (2025). WARAQAT : Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, 10(2), 350-365. https://doi.org/10.51590/waraqat.v10i2.1173
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